Unit 5 Application of Computer Science

Give short answers to the following short response questions (SRQs).

1) Briefly describe the positive impact of Al in our daily life.

Ans: AI has various positive impacts on our daily lives, such as:

• Al-based systems make correct decisions and help us in solving complex problems efficiently and increase productivity.
• Al systems used in hospitals provide better diagnosis and treatment of diseases at early stages such as cancer.
• Help in the design and production of high-quality products and increase production in a safe environment.
• Help in travel and transportation by suggesting the shortest routes for the drivers and inform about traffic conditions in real-time.

2) Differentiate between supervised and unsupervised machine learning.

Ans: Supervised Machine Learning

Supervised learning algorithms take a set of known input data and known output responses to build a model to make predictions. In supervised learning the goal is to learn how to do the mapping to match the input to the output. Once the model is built, it is used to make new predictions on unseen data as well.

Unsupervised Machine Learning

In unsupervised learning, the training data is unseen and it is un-labelled. The meaning of un-labelled is that the data is not assigned a category or group. The unseen data is fed into machine learning algorithm to train the model.

3) Describe how computer vision applications help in the automation of tasks.

Ans: A large amount of data (images/videos) is fed into the computer. Computer vision applications repeatedly perform data analysis until it recognizes and distinguishes images. After gaining deep understanding of data, computer system carries out automated actions.

Q.4) Compare the use of Natural Language Processing (NLP) with computer languages for interaction with computers.

Ans:

Natural Language Processing (NLP)	Computer Languages
It uses natural human language for communication allowing users to interact, with computers through speech or text input.	It requires users to write code, using programming languages such as Python, Java, or C++, providing precise instructions to computers
NLP offers a user-friendly interface, allowing individuals with varying technical skills to interact with computers without the need for programming knowledge.	Computer languages to requires users to have programming skills and knowledge of syntax and logic to communicate effectively with computers.

Q.5) What is a robot? Mention four areas where robots can replace humans that are not mentioned in this unit.

Ans: A robot is a machine that contains censors, cameras, microphone, control systems, etc. Robotics is concerned with computer controlled machines that can perform specific tasks with little or no human intervention.

Here are four areas where robots can replace humans:

i. Agriculture: Robots can be used in agriculture for tasks such as planting, harvesting, and sorting crops.

ii. Construction: Robots are increasingly being used in construction for tasks such as bricklaying, concrete pouring, and demolition.

iii. Exploration: Robots are employed in exploration missions in environments where humans cannot easily venture, such as space, deep sea, or disaster zones.

iv. Retail and Hospitality: Robots are being deployed in retail stores, hotels, and restaurants to automate tasks such as inventory management, customer service, and food delivery.

Q.6) Is the use of Grammarly Al tool a perfect replacement of manual proofreading?

Ans: Grammarly is an Al tool for correcting spelling and grammar mistakes in documents. It provides a safe platform for improving writing skills.

It is not a perfect tool as it has some inaccuracy issues. It does not catch every mistake and some suggestions it gives may not be correct. Since it is not 100% accurate, it is not a replacement of manual proofreading.

Write answers to the following extended response questions.

Q.1) Relate how Al can be beneficial in education and business.

Ans: Education:

• Al-based systems in education enhances students’ learning and helps teachers to carry out their tasks efficiently to provide quality education.
• AI-based systems adapt to meet each student’s individual learning needs.
• It helps teachers in grading students’ assignments, examinations and essays.
• It helps educational administrators to schedule courses, create class timetables and analyze students’ data to make better decisions.
• It can help the university administration in reviewing each student’s enrollment application for admission.

Business:

• It helps in cyber security, smart pricing and automated recruitment as well.
• Al is used in business in the areas of e-commerce, marketing and business management.
• Al software is used to run day-to-day business activities.
• It helps people become efficient, improves productivity, and makes accurate decisions.
• The use of Al in business provides better services to customers, helps in business growth and generates more revenue.

Q.2) Articulate how Al-based technology can improve healthcare professionals and assist farmers increase crop production.

Ans: Healthcare:

Al-based software is fed in various machines used in hospitals to help in diagnosis of certain diseases such as cancer. Al-based microscope can scan harmful substances and bacteria in samples of blood. Al-based patient monitoring systems in ICU help in measuring real-time data such as heart-beat, blood pressure, temperature, etc. that helps doctors in analyzing patient’s health conditions. Al software provides personalized interaction between the patient and the hospital in managing health by reducing visits to the hospital.

Agriculture

Al in agriculture refers to using Al based modern techniques to help farmers produce high quality crops and increase production by using land more efficiently. To solve the issue of food shortage and livestock in the future, it is important to use Al techniques and innovative farming ideas to increase production on existing farmland.

Q.3) Categorize the benefits of cloud computing? Contrast between public and private clouds.

Ans: Cloud computing offers a wide range of benefits, and these can be categorized into several key areas:

Cost Savings:

Cloud computing eliminates the need for upfront investments in hardware, software, and infrastructure. Instead, users pay for the resources they consume on a pay-as-you-go basis, reducing capital expenditures and allowing for better cost management.

Accessibility and Mobility:

Cloud computing enables access to data, applications, and services from anywhere with an internet connection and on any device. This accessibility promotes collaboration, remote work, and mobility, leading to increased productivity and efficiency.

Reliability and Resilience:

Cloud providers typically offer robust infrastructure and redundant systems to ensure high availability and reliability., Data centers are geographically dispersed, reducing the risk of downtime due to disasters or hardware failures, thus enhancing resilience and business continuity.

Security:

Cloud providers invest heavily in security measures to protect data and infrastructure from unauthorized access, data breaches, and cyber threats.

They employ advanced encryption, authentication, and access control mechanisms to ensure data privacy and compliance with regulatory requirements.

Public Cloud	Private Cloud
Resources are owned and operated by a third-party cloud service provider.	Resources are owned and used by a single organization.
The cloud service provider manages and maintains all resources, including servers, software, and storage.	The organization is responsible for the operation and maintenance of its own infrastructure (hardware, software, network, etc.).
Resources are delivered over the Internet to businesses and organizations, allowing multiple users to access them.	Resources are dedicated to and used exclusively by a single organization.
The organization has less control over the infrastructure	The organization has more control over servers, the network, and the entire infrastructure.
Public cloud provides high-speed connectivity.	Speed and connectivity depend on the organization’s internal network setup.

Q.4) Compare between traditional algorithms and Al-based algorithms that use machine learning. Criticize Al-based algorithms for producing wrong results, at times.

Ans:

Traditional algorithms	Al-based algorithms
Rule-based algorithms designed by humans, with explicit instructions and logic coded to solve specific tasks or problems.	Data-driven algorithms that learn from data patterns and examples to make predictions or decisions, with minimal human intervention in defining rules.
Designed to solve specific, well-defined problems using predefined rules and logic	Capable of handling complex, dynamic problems with uncertain or incomplete information by learning from data patterns and examples.
Performance depends on, the accuracy and effectiveness of predefined rules and logic, which may struggle with complex or noisy datasets	Performance improves with more data and iterations, as machine learning algorithms adapt and refine their models based on new information and feedback.
Limited flexibility and adaptability to changing environments or data patterns, as changes require manual adjustments to rules and logic.	Highly flexible and adaptable to changing environments or data patterns, as machine learning algorithms can automatically update and improve their models over time.

Critique of AI-based Algorithms:

The following are some harms or disadvantages of Al algorithms

• Al algorithms are developed by humans who can intentionally or unintentionally introduce bias in them. These algorithms can produce bias results that can lead to discriminatory consequences on the grounds such as ethnicity, gender or age.
• Driverless self-driving car can have an accident. This shows how Al algorithms can cause death.
• Errors in Al algorithms in healthcare systems can output inaccurate information. For example, the Al system can recommend a wrong medicine for a patient which can be very harmful and can even cause death.
• Hackers can develop powerful Al algorithms to bypass cybersecurity and cause malicious cyberattacks.
• Al based automation can lead to job losses in many areas such as automobile manufacturing, business, education, healthcare, agriculture, etc.
• Dependence on Al systems can cause loss of creativity and critical thinking skills in humans.
• Unexpected behavior of Al systems can result in having negative impact on individuals and society as a whole. Al systems that do not observe human values can lead to big disasters.

Q.5) Interpret the ethical issues in using the following Al tools:

a) ChatGPT

b) Lovo Al

c) Virtual Assistants

Ans:

a) ChatGPT

It is a very useful Al tool but it raises some ethical issues as well. Ethical issues include harm due to misinformation, cheating and plagiarism in schools and universities that can have negative impact on teaching/learning process and assessment of students work. It also has issues such as bias, discrimination, data privacy and security.

b) Lovo Al

There are some ethical issues that must be considered when developing text to voice software. The developers should take measures to ensure that personal data collected for processing is not mishandled or misused and there is no violation of privacy. The training data used for developing the voice Al system should be unbiased. Developers should also be open and honest about the working of their Al-based algorithm to implement transparency.

c) Virtual Assistants

Developer of virtual assistants face many ethical challenges. Virtual assistants store information of people who use it. The user does not know where the information is stored and how it is protected against security and privacy risks. The developers of virtual assistant should be honest, trustworthy and abide by the code of ethics. They should ensure that the information about people is not misused or cause any type of harm to individuals or people.

Q. Select the best answer for the following MCQs.

1. The process of taking a known data set as input to train the algorithm to create a model for prediction is known as:

a) Natural Language Processing

b) Expert system

c) Supervised Machine Learning

d) Unsupervised Machine Learning

2. The Al technology that enables computer systems to obtain meaningful information from digital images or videos is called:

a) Image Recognition

b) Speech Recognition

c) Scanner

d) Computer Vision

3. Instant answers to website visitors’ questions through text or voice interaction are provided by:

a) Robot

b) Chatbot

c) Cloud Computing

d) Expert System

4. Cloud computing model in which resources are owned by and used inside a single organization is called:

a) Private Cloud

b) Public Cloud

c) Hybrid Cloud

d) Remote Cloud

5. The Al tool used for correcting spelling and grammar mistakes is:

a) ChatGPT

b) Lovo ai

c) Grammarly

d) Virtual Assistant

6. Virtual assistant that belongs to Apple Inc. is:

a) Siri

b) Alexa

c) Google Assistant

d) Cortana

7. The Al tool that converts text to speech is:

a) ChatGPT

b) Grammarly

c) Alexa

d) Lovo AI

8. The technology used in self-driving cars is called:

a) Natural Language Processing

b) Chatbot

c) Computer Vision

d) Virtual Assistant

9. The technology concerned with training the computer to understand spoken and written words and to take action is known as:

a) Virtual Assistant

b) Natural Language Processing

c) Language analysis

d) Virtual training

10. The technology concerned with performing specific tasks with little or no human intervention using computer controlled machine is called:

a) Computer vision

b) Computer intelligence

c) Robotics

d) Virtual technology