Transistors

Second-generation computers (1956–1963) used transistors instead of vacuum tubes.

Third generation

Third-generation computers (1963–1971) introduced integrated circuits.

Fourth generation

The fourth generation began with the development of microprocessors.

To connect and integrate hardware components

The motherboard connects and allows communication among major computer components.

ROM

ROM is non-volatile memory and retains data without power.

Arithmetic Logic Unit

The ALU performs arithmetic calculations and logical comparisons.

Thinking like a computer to solve problems logically

Computational thinking is a systematic problem-solving approach.

Decomposition

Decomposition divides a complex problem into smaller sub-problems.

Flowchart

A flowchart uses symbols and arrows to represent the steps of an algorithm.

Input, Process, Output

The IPO model organizes a problem into input, processing and output.

Decision problem

A decision problem has a Yes-or-No outcome for a given input.

Pattern recognition

Pattern recognition looks for repeated features or similarities.

Tags

HTML tags identify and structure elements in a webpage.

Browser

A web browser interprets HTML and displays the webpage.

body

The body element contains the webpage content shown in the browser.

Style and format webpage elements

Cascading Style Sheets control webpage presentation and layout.

Inline CSS

Inline CSS uses the style attribute within an HTML element.

A named storage location for a value

A variable stores a value that can be used and changed by a program.

Repetition/loop

Loops repeat instructions while a condition or iteration rule applies.

A structured or processed collection of data

A dataset is an organized collection of data, often related to one body of work.

Data science

Data science uses methods from several disciplines to analyze data.

Data visualization

Data visualization presents data graphically to reveal patterns and insights.

Discrete data

Discrete data has distinct, countable values.

Volume

The textbook identifies Volume, Velocity and Variety as the 3 Vs of big data.

Primary data

Primary data is collected first-hand from the source.

Perform human-like intelligent tasks

AI enables computer-controlled machines to perform tasks associated with human intelligence.

Data and experience

Machine learning uses data and algorithms to identify patterns and make predictions.

Known and labelled

Supervised learning uses known input data and known output responses.

Computer vision

Computer vision analyzes visual data such as images and videos.

Natural Language Processing

NLP enables computers to work with spoken and written human language.

Private cloud

A private cloud is owned and used within a single organization.

Handling equipment carefully and respectfully

Careful handling helps prevent accidents and damage to hardware.

Respecting software copyrights and licenses

Appropriate use follows licensing restrictions and legal requirements.

Using strong, unique passwords

Strong unique passwords reduce the risk of unauthorized account access.

False information deliberately spread to mislead

Disinformation is false information shared with the intention to mislead.

Copyright

Copyright gives creators exclusive rights over the use and distribution of original works.

Entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurship involves creating an enterprise and taking risks to achieve business objectives.

Starts, organizes and manages a business while taking financial risks

An entrepreneur starts or owns a business and accepts financial risk for potential profit.

Calculated risk-taking

The textbook describes entrepreneurs as calculated risk-takers who accept responsibility.

Measurable

SMART goals are Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic and Time-Bound.

SWOT analysis

SWOT analysis evaluates a business idea in relation to internal and external factors.

Fourth

Microprocessors are the defining development of fourth-generation computers.

RAM

RAM is volatile memory and requires power to retain its contents.

Decomposition

The developer is breaking a large problem into manageable sub-problems.

Flowchart

Flowcharts use standard symbols, including diamonds for decisions.

CSS

CSS provides consistent styling across webpage elements.

JavaScript

JavaScript handles interactive behaviour and dynamic content.

Debug the code

Debugging is the process of locating and correcting errors in code.

Categorical data

These are categories or labels rather than measured numerical values.

Predictive analysis

Predictive analysis uses historical data to forecast future trends or events.

Supervised learning

Known input-output examples are used in supervised learning.

Computer vision

Computer vision analyzes images and videos to identify meaningful information.

Public cloud

Public cloud resources are provided over the internet by a cloud service provider.

Check its accuracy using reliable sources

The textbook emphasizes verifying information sources and avoiding the spread of fake news.

Software licensing and intellectual property

Using unauthorized copies violates software licensing and intellectual property rights.

Privacy breach and identity misuse

Sharing sensitive personal information can expose a user to privacy and security threats.

Design thinking

The five design-thinking stages are empathize, define, ideate, prototype and test.

Time-bound

A time-bound goal includes a defined timeframe.

Analyze the market

Market analysis examines market conditions and trends before entering a market.

Cost of production per unit

Production costs include materials, labor, packaging, utilities and fixed costs.